Self aligned active trench contact

ABSTRACT

An integrated circuit and method includes self-aligned contacts. A gapfill dielectric layer fills spaces between sidewalls of adjacent MOS gates. The gapfill dielectric layer is planarized down to tops of gate structures. A contact pattern is formed that exposes an area for multiple self-aligned contacts. The area overlaps adjacent instances of the gate structures. The gapfill dielectric layer is removed from the area. A contact metal layer is formed in the areas where the gapfill dielectric material has been removed. The contact metal abuts the sidewalls along the height of the sidewalls. The contact metal is planarized down to the tops of the gate structures, forming the self-aligned contacts.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. Nonprovisional patentapplication Ser. No. 14/563,203, filed Dec. 8, 2014, and claims thepriority of U.S. Provisional Application 61/915,152, filed Dec. 12,2013, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of integrated circuits. Moreparticularly, this invention relates to metal oxide semiconductor (MOS)transistors in integrated circuits.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It may be desirable for contacts to source/drain regions of MOStransistors on advanced technology nodes, for example, 45 nanometer nodeand beyond, to provide uniform low resistance electrical connections. Itmay further be desirable to form the contacts with a process sequencethat has sufficient process latitude to provide a desired cost offabrication for an integrated circuit containing the contacts.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The following presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basicunderstanding of one or more aspects of the invention. This summary isnot an extensive overview of the invention, and is neither intended toidentify key or critical elements of the invention, nor to delineate thescope thereof. Rather, the primary purpose of the summary is to presentsome concepts of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to amore detailed description that is presented later.

An integrated circuit and method includes self-aligned contacts. Agapfill dielectric layer fills spaces between sidewalls of adjacent MOSgates. The gapfill dielectric layer is planarized down to tops of gatestructures. A contact pattern is formed that exposes an area formultiple self-aligned contacts. The area overlaps adjacent instances ofthe gate structures. The gapfill dielectric layer is removed from thearea. A contact metal layer is formed in the areas where the gapfilldielectric material has been removed. The contact metal abuts thesidewalls along the height of the sidewalls. The contact metal isplanarized down to the tops of the gate structures, forming theself-aligned contacts.

DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1A through FIG. 1J are cross sections of an example integratedcontaining self-aligned contacts, depicted in successive stages offabrication.

FIG. 2A through FIG. 2K are cross sections of another example integratedcontaining self-aligned contacts, depicted in successive stages offabrication.

FIG. 3A through FIG. 3C are top views of an example integrated circuitcontaining self-aligned contacts in logic gates, depicted in successivestages of fabrication.

FIG. 4A through FIG. 4C are top views of an example integrated circuitcontaining self-aligned contacts in static random access memory (SRAM)cells, depicted in successive stages of fabrication.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is described with reference to the attachedfigures. The figures are not drawn to scale and they are provided merelyto illustrate the invention. Several aspects of the invention aredescribed below with reference to example applications for illustration.It should be understood that numerous specific details, relationships,and methods are set forth to provide an understanding of the invention.One skilled in the relevant art, however, will readily recognize thatthe invention can be practiced without one or more of the specificdetails or with other methods. In other instances, well-known structuresor operations are not shown in detail to avoid obscuring the invention.The present invention is not limited by the illustrated ordering of actsor events, as some acts may occur in different orders and/orconcurrently with other acts or events. Furthermore, not all illustratedacts or events are required to implement a methodology in accordancewith the present invention.

An integrated circuit may be formed with self-aligned contacts by aprocess of forming a gapfill dielectric layer over the integratedcircuit which fills spaces between sidewalls on MOS gates andplanarizing the gapfill dielectric layer down to tops of gate structurescontaining the MOS gates. A contact pattern is formed over the gapfilldielectric layer and gate structures which exposes areas for theself-aligned contacts; the areas for the self-aligned contacts overlapadjacent instances of the gate structures. The gapfill dielectric layeris removed from the areas for the self-aligned contacts, and the contactpattern is subsequently removed. A contact metal layer is formed overthe integrated circuit, on the gate structures and extending tosource/drain regions where the gapfill dielectric material has beenremoved; the contact metal abuts the sidewalls along the height of thesidewalls. The contact metal is planarized down to the tops of the gatestructures, forming the self-aligned contacts.

A replacement gate process may optionally be performed prior toformation of the contact metal layer or after formation of the contactmetal layer. Metal silicide on the source/drain regions may be formedprior to formation of the gapfill dielectric layer or after the gapfilldielectric layer is removed from the areas for the self-alignedcontacts. The contact pattern may also expose areas for localinterconnects extending over field oxide.

A pre-metal dielectric (PMD) layer may be formed over the self-alignedcontacts and vias formed through the PMD layer to make electricalconnections to at least a portion of the self-aligned contacts. A firstlevel of metal interconnects may be formed on the vias.

FIG. 1A through FIG. 1J are cross sections of an example integratedcontaining self-aligned contacts, depicted in successive stages offabrication. Referring to FIG. 1A, the integrated circuit 100 is formedin and on a substrate 102 which includes semiconductor material. Thesubstrate 102 may be, for example, a single crystal silicon wafer, asilicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer, a hybrid orientation technology (HOT)wafer with regions of different crystal orientations, or other materialappropriate for fabrication of the integrated circuit 100.

The integrated circuit 100 includes gate structures 104 which include agate dielectric layer 106 formed on the substrate 102, and an MOS gate108 formed on the gate dielectric layer 106. Hard mask material 110 froma prior gate etch process may possibly be remaining over the MOS gates108 and thus be included in the gate structures 104. The MOS gate 108and the gate dielectric layer 106 may possibly be sacrificial elementswhich will be replaced later in a gate replacement sequence.Alternatively, the MOS gate 108 and the gate dielectric layer 106 may bepermanent elements of the integrated circuit 100. The gate structures104 also include sidewalls 112 adjacent to the MOS gate 108. Thesidewalls 112 may have outer surfaces of silicon nitride to provide adesired selectivity to a subsequent contact etch. The gate structures104 may be, for example, 50 nanometers to 250 nanometers high.

Source/drain regions 114 are formed in the substrate 102 adjacent to thegate structures 104. In the instant example, metal silicide 116 isformed on the source/drain regions 114 prior to formation of a gapfilldielectric layer, which may advantageously provide lower and moreuniform series resistance through the source/drain regions 114.Instances of the gate structures 104 may be spaced at a minimum distanceprescribed by design rules applicable to the integrated circuit 100. Inthe instant example, field oxide 118 is formed in the substrate 102 tolaterally isolate instances of the gate structures 104 from othercomponents of the integrated circuit 100.

Referring to FIG. 1B, a gapfill dielectric layer 120 is formed over theintegrated circuit 100, extending to the metal silicide 116 adjacent tothe gate structures 104. The gapfill dielectric layer 120 may beprimarily silicon dioxide. The gapfill dielectric layer 120 may beformed, for example, by a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD) process using tetraethyl orthosilicate, also known astetraethoxysilane or TEOS, formed by a sub-atmospheric chemical vapordeposition (SACVD) process using ozone and TEOS, or formed using a spincoat solution of methylsilsesquioxane (MSQ). Other dielectric materialsin the gapfill dielectric layer 120 formed by other processes, whichprovide a desired selectivity in a subsequent contact etch process tothe sidewalls 112, are within the scope of the instant example. Thegapfill dielectric layer 120 may include an etch stop sublayer ofsilicon nitride, not shown, over the metal silicide 116 and thesidewalls 112.

Referring to FIG. 1C, a planarization process removes the gapfilldielectric layer 120 over the MOS gates 108 so that a top surface of thegapfill dielectric layer 120 is substantially coplanar with top surfacesof the gate structures 104. The planarization process may include achemical mechanical polish (CMP) process. The planarization process mayinclude an etchback process in which a planarizing layer of polymer isformed by a spin coat process over the gapfill dielectric layer 120 anda subsequent isotropic plasma etch process removes the polymer and thegapfill dielectric layer 120 at substantially equal rates so as toplanarize the gapfill dielectric layer 120. The MOS gates 108 maypossibly be exposed by the planarization process.

Referring to FIG. 1D, a contact mask 122 is formed over the gapfilldielectric layer 120 so as to expose areas for self-aligned contacts124. The areas for the self-aligned contacts 124 overlap the sidewalls112 of adjacent instances of the gate structures 104. The contact mask122 may further expose areas over the field oxide 118 for localinterconnects 126. The contact mask 122 may include, for example,photoresist formed by a photolithographic process. Forming the contactmask 122 to expose a contiguous area for adjacent instances of theself-aligned contacts 124 may advantageously provide a desired level ofprocess latitude for the photolithographic process used to form thecontact mask 122 compared to exposing an individual opening for eachdesired contact.

Referring to FIG. 1E, a contact etch process removes the gapfilldielectric layer 120 in the areas exposed by the contact mask 122. Themetal silicide 116 on the source/drain regions 114 is exposed by thecontact etch process. The contact etch process may include, for example,a wet etch using an aqueous buffered hydrofluoric acid solution and/or aplasma etch process. The contact etch process leaves at least acceptableportions of the sidewalls 112 and metal silicide 116 in place. Thecontact mask 122 is removed after the contact etch process is completed.

Referring to FIG. 1F, a layer of contact metal 128 is formed on theintegrated circuit 100 extending to and contacting the metal silicide116 on the source/drain regions 114, contacting the sidewalls 112 alongtheir heights, and contacting tops of the gate structures 104. The layerof contact metal 128 may include, for example, a liner 130 of sputteredtitanium and titanium nitride formed by atomic layer deposition (ALD),and a fill metal 132 of tungsten formed by metal organic chemical vapordeposition (MOCVD) using tungsten hexafluoride reduced by silane andhydrogen. The layer of contact metal 128 may be, for example, 50nanometers to 200 nanometers thicker than the gate structures 104.

Referring to FIG. 1G, a planarization process removes the contact metal128 over the MOS gates 108 so that a top surface of the contact metal128 is substantially coplanar with top surfaces of the gate structures104. The planarization process may include a CMP process followed by aplasma etchback process. Instances of the contact metal 128 betweenadjacent instances of the sidewalls 112 and contacting the metalsilicide 116 provide the self-aligned contacts 124. Forming theself-aligned contacts 124 so as to contact the adjacent sidewalls 112along their heights may provide low and uniform resistance of theself-aligned contacts 124. Instances of the contact metal 128 extendingover the field oxide 118 to other components of the integrated circuit100 may provide the optional local interconnects 126.

Referring to FIG. 1H, the hard mask material 110 if present, the MOSgates 108 and gate dielectric layers 106 of FIG. 1G may optionally beremoved as part of a gate replacement process. The MOS gates 108 may beremoved, for example, using a wet etch process with aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). The gate dielectric layers 106 may beremoved, for example, using a wet etch process with aqueous buffereddilute hydrofluoric acid.

Referring to FIG. 1I, replacement gate dielectric layers 134 andreplacement gates 136 are formed in the gate structures 104 as part ofthe gate replacement process. The replacement gate dielectric layers 134may include dielectric materials with high dielectric constants such ashafnium oxide, zirconium oxide or tantalum oxide. The replacement gatedielectric layers 134 may contact the sidewalls 112 along their heights.The replacement gates 136 may include one or more metal layers such astitanium and titanium nitride, and may include low resistance fillmaterial such as aluminum.

Referring to FIG. 1J, a PMD layer 138 is formed over the gate structures104 and the self-aligned contacts 124. The PMD layer 138 may include,for example, a silicon nitride etch stop 5 nanometers to 20 nanometersthick deposited by PECVD, a layer of silicon dioxide, phospho-silicateglass (PSG) or boro-phospho-silicate glass (BPSG), 100 nanometers to 300nanometers thick deposited by PECVD and leveled by a CMP process, and anoptional PMD cap layer, 5 nanometers to 20 nanometers silicon nitride,silicon carbide nitride or silicon carbide.

Vias 140 are formed through the PMD layer 138 so as to make electricalconnections to instances of the self-aligned contacts 124. The vias 140may be formed, for example, by etching via holes through the PMD layer138, forming a liner 142 of titanium and titanium nitride on the PMDlayer 138 extending into the via holes and contacting the self-alignedcontacts 124, and forming a layer of fill metal 144 of tungsten on theliner 142. The liner 142 and the fill metal 144 may be subsequentlyremoved from a top surface of the PMD layer 138 by CMP and/or etchbackprocesses, leaving the vias 140.

An intra-metal dielectric (IMD) layer 146 is formed over the PMD layer138. The IMD layer 146 may include, for example, a silicon carbide etchstop 5 nanometers to 20 nanometers thick, a layer of low-k dielectricmaterial such as organo-silicate glass (OSG) or carbon-doped siliconoxides (SiCO or CDO), 100 nanometers to 300 nanometers thick, and anoptional IMD cap layer, 5 nanometers to 20 nanometers silicon nitride.

Metal interconnects 148 are formed in the IMD layer 146 so as to makeelectrical connections to the vias 140. The metal interconnects 148 maybe formed, for example, using a copper single damascene process, havinga tantalum nitride liner 150 and a copper fill metal 152.

FIG. 2A through FIG. 2K are cross sections of another example integratedcontaining self-aligned contacts, depicted in successive stages offabrication. Referring to FIG. 2A, the integrated circuit 200 is formedin and on a substrate 202 as described in reference to FIG. 1A, whichincludes semiconductor material. The integrated circuit 200 includesgate structures 204 which include a gate dielectric layer 206 formed onthe substrate 202, an MOS gate 208 formed on the gate dielectric layer206, and hard mask material 210, if present, over the MOS gates 208. TheMOS gate 208 and the gate dielectric layer 206 may possibly besacrificial elements which will be replaced later in a gate replacementsequence, or may be permanent elements of the integrated circuit 200.The gate structures 204 also include sidewalls 212 adjacent to the MOSgate 208, as described in reference to FIG. 1A. The gate structures 204may be, for example, 50 nanometers to 250 nanometers high. Source/drainregions 214 are formed in the substrate 202 adjacent to the gatestructures 204. In the instant example, metal silicide 216 is not formedon the source/drain regions 214 prior to formation of a gapfilldielectric layer.

Referring to FIG. 2B, a sidewall extension layer 254 is formed on thesidewalls 212 and the source/drain regions 214, after formation of thesource/drain regions 214. The sidewall extension layer 254 may be, forexample, 1 nanometer to 10 nanometers of silicon nitride, formed by aPECVD process using bis(tertiary-butylamino) silane (BTBAS). Thesidewall extension layer 254 may provide an etch stop layer for asubsequently formed gapfill dielectric layer. The sidewall extensionlayer 254 is considered part of the gate structures 204.

A gapfill dielectric layer 220 is formed over the integrated circuit200, extending to the substrate 202 adjacent to the gate structures 204.The gapfill dielectric layer 220 may be primarily silicon dioxide, andmay be formed as described in reference to FIG. 1B. A planarizationprocess removes the gapfill dielectric layer 220 and the sidewallextension layer 254 over the MOS gates 208 so that a top surface of thegapfill dielectric layer 220 is substantially coplanar with top surfacesof the gate structures 204, as described in reference to FIG. 1C.

Referring to FIG. 2C, the hard mask material 210 if present, the MOSgates 208 and gate dielectric layers 206 of FIG. 2B may optionally beremoved as part of a gate replacement process. The MOS gates 208 and thegate dielectric layers 206 may be removed, for example, as described inreference to FIG. 1H.

Referring to FIG. 2D, replacement gate dielectric layers 234 andreplacement gates 236 are formed in the gate structures 204 as part ofthe gate replacement process. The replacement gate dielectric layers 234and replacement gates 236 may be formed, for example, as described inreference to FIG. 1I.

Referring to FIG. 2E, a contact mask 222 is formed over the gapfilldielectric layer 220 so as to expose areas for self-aligned contacts 224as described in reference to FIG. 1D. The areas for the self-alignedcontacts 224 overlap the sidewall extension layer 254 on adjacentinstances of the gate structures 204. The contact mask 222 may furtherexpose areas over the field oxide 218 for local interconnects 226.

Referring to FIG. 2F, a contact etch process removes the gapfilldielectric layer 220 in the areas exposed by the contact mask 222. Atleast a portion of the sidewall extension layer 254 remains after thecontact etch process is completed. The contact etch process may includea wet etch and/or a plasma etch as described in reference to FIG. 1E. Inthe instant example, the sidewall extension layer 254 may provide anetch stop for the contact etch process. In an alternate version of theinstant example, the sidewall extension layer 254 may be formed afterremoval of the gapfill dielectric layer 220.

Referring to FIG. 2G, an anisotropic etch process removes the sidewallextension layer 254 on the source/drain regions 214 while leaving atleast a portion of the sidewall extension layer 254 on the sidewalls212. The anisotropic etch process may include, for example an RIE step.The contact mask 222 is removed after the anisotropic etch process iscompleted.

Referring to FIG. 2H, metal silicide 216 is formed on the source/drainregions 214. Forming the metal silicide 216 after the anisotropic etchprocess removes the sidewall extension layer 254 on the source/drainregions 214 may advantageously provide a desired separation between themetal silicide 216 and the replacement gates 236, independent of thesidewalls 212 which were used to establish lateral extents of dopingdistributions in the source/drain regions 214.

Referring to FIG. 2I, a layer of contact metal 228 is formed on theintegrated circuit 200 extending to and contacting the metal silicide216 on the source/drain regions 214, contacting the sidewall extensionlayer 254 along heights of the gate structures 204, and contacting topsof the gate structures 204. The layer of contact metal 228 may include,for example, a liner 230 of sputtered titanium and titanium nitride, anda fill metal 232 of tungsten as described in reference to FIG. 1F. Thelayer of contact metal 228 may be, for example, 50 nanometers to 200nanometers thicker than the gate structures 204.

Referring to FIG. 2J, a planarization process removes the contact metal228 over the MOS gates 208 so that a top surface of the contact metal228 is substantially coplanar with top surfaces of the gate structures204, as described in reference to FIG. 1G. Instances of the contactmetal 228 between adjacent instances of the sidewall extension layer 254and contacting the metal silicide 216 provide the self-aligned contacts224. Forming the self-aligned contacts 224 so as to contact the sidewallextension layer 254 along the heights of the gate structures 204 mayprovide low and uniform resistance of the self-aligned contacts 224.Instances of the contact metal 228 extending over the field oxide 218 toother components of the integrated circuit 200 may provide the optionallocal interconnects 226.

Referring to FIG. 2K, a PMD layer 238 is formed over the gate structures204 and the self-aligned contacts 224 as described in reference to FIG.1J. Vias 240, possibly including a liner 242 and a fill metal 244, areformed through the PMD layer 238 so as to make electrical connections toinstances of the self-aligned contacts 224 as described in reference toFIG. 1J. An IMD layer 246 is formed over the PMD layer 238 as describedin reference to FIG. 1J. Metal interconnects 248, possibly including atantalum nitride liner 250 and a copper fill metal 252, are formed inthe IMD layer 246 so as to make electrical connections to the vias 240as described in reference to FIG. 1J.

FIG. 3A through FIG. 3C are top views of an example integrated circuitcontaining self-aligned contacts in logic gates, depicted in successivestages of fabrication. Referring to FIG. 3A, the integrated circuit 300is formed in and on a substrate 302 which includes semiconductormaterial. Field oxide 318 is formed at a top surface of the substrate302, so that openings in the field oxide 318 provide p-channel metaloxide semiconductor (PMOS) active areas 356 for PMOS transistors andn-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) active areas 358 for NMOStransistors. The integrated circuit 300 includes areas for logic gates,exemplified by a NOR gate 360, a NAND gate 362 and an inverter 364.

The NOR gate 360 includes two MOS gates 308 and sidewalls 312 abuttingthe MOS gates 308, extending across an instance of the PMOS active areas356 and an instance of the NMOS active areas 358. The NAND gate 362includes two MOS gates 308 and sidewalls 312 abutting the MOS gates 308,extending across an instance of the PMOS active areas 356 and aninstance of the NMOS active areas 358. The inverter 364 includes an MOSgate 308 and sidewalls 312 abutting the gate 308, extending across aninstance of the PMOS active areas 356 and an instance of the NMOS activeareas 358. Areas of the PMOS active areas 356 and NMOS active areas 358adjacent to the MOS gates 308 and sidewalls 312 provide source/drainregions 314.

A gapfill dielectric layer 320 is formed over the integrated circuit 300and planarized as described in reference to FIG. 1B and FIG. 1C. Theintegrated circuit 300 may possibly include metal silicide on thesource/drain regions 314 and/or a sidewall extension layer at thispoint. The MOS gates 308 may possibly be replacement gates.

Referring to FIG. 3B, a contact mask 322 is formed over the integratedcircuit 300 so as to expose areas for self-aligned contacts. The areaexposed in the NOR gate 360 extends across both MOS gates 308 in thePMOS active area 356 and NMOS active area 358 and across the field oxide318 between the PMOS active area 356 and NMOS active area 358. The areaexposed in the NOR gate 360 may be recessed from edges of the PMOSactive area 356 and NMOS active area 358, as depicted in FIG. 3B.Alternatively, the area exposed in the NOR gate 360 may overlap edges ofthe PMOS active area 356 and NMOS active area 358

The area exposed in the NAND gate 362 extends across both MOS gates 308in the PMOS active area 356 and NMOS active area 358 and across thefield oxide 318 between the PMOS active area 356 and NMOS active area358. The area exposed in the NAND gate 362 may overlap edges of the PMOSactive area 356 and NMOS active area 358, as depicted in FIG. 3B.Alternatively, the area exposed in the NAND gate 362 may be recessedfrom edges of the PMOS active area 356 and NMOS active area 358.

The area exposed in the inverter 364 extends across both MOS gates 308in the PMOS active area 356 and NMOS active area 358 and across thefield oxide 318 between the PMOS active area 356 and NMOS active area358. The area exposed in the inverter 364 may be recessed from edges ofthe PMOS active area 356 and NMOS active area 358, as depicted in FIG.3B, or may overlap edges of the PMOS active area 356 and NMOS activearea 358.

A contact etch process removes the gapfill dielectric layer 320 in theareas exposed by the contact mask 322, as described in reference to FIG.1E. A sidewall extension layer, if present, may be anisotropicallyetched as described in reference to FIG. 2G. The contact mask 322 isremoved after the contact etch process is completed. Metal silicide maybe formed on the source/drain regions 314 at this time, if not alreadypresent.

Referring to FIG. 3C, a layer of contact metal is formed on theintegrated circuit 300 and planarized so as to form self-alignedcontacts 324 on the source/drain regions 314, as described in referenceto FIG. 1F and FIG. 1G. In the NOR gate 360, the self-aligned contacts324 provide a Vdd contact 366 to a PMOS transistor, a contact 368between two PMOS transistors, a Vss contact 370 to two NMOS transistorsand an output contact 372 which connects to a PMOS transistor and twoNMOS transistors and a portion of which is a local interconnect 374. Inthe NAND gate 362, the self-aligned contacts 324 provide a Vdd contact366 to two PMOS transistors, a contact 368 between two NMOS transistors,a Vss contact 370 to an NMOS transistor and an output contact 372 whichconnects to two PMOS transistors and an NMOS transistor and a portion ofwhich is a local interconnect 374. In the inverter 364, the self-alignedcontacts 324 provide a Vdd contact 366 to a PMOS transistor, a Vsscontact 370 to an NMOS transistor and an output contact 372 whichconnects to a PMOS transistor and an NMOS transistor and a portion ofwhich is a local interconnect 374. Forming the self-aligned contacts 324as described in reference to FIG. 3A through FIG. 3C may advantageouslyprovide low resistance connections to the NOR gate 360, the NAND gate362, and the inverter 364, while advantageously providing processlatitude in formation of the contact mask 322 of FIG. 3B.

FIG. 4A through FIG. 4C are top views of an example integrated circuitcontaining self-aligned contacts in SRAM cells, depicted in successivestages of fabrication. Referring to FIG. 4A, the integrated circuit 400is formed in and on a substrate 402 which includes semiconductormaterial. Field oxide 418 is formed at a top surface of the substrate402, so that openings in the field oxide 418 provide PMOS active areas456 for PMOS transistors and NMOS active areas 458 for NMOS transistors.The integrated circuit 400 includes areas for SRAM cells 476. The SRAMcells 476 include gates 408 surrounded by sidewalls 412. Areas of thePMOS active areas 456 and NMOS active areas 458 adjacent to the gates408 and sidewalls 412 provide source/drain regions 414.

A gapfill dielectric layer 420 is formed over the integrated circuit 400and planarized as described in reference to FIG. 1B and FIG. 1C. Theintegrated circuit 400 may possibly include metal silicide on thesource/drain regions 414 and/or a sidewall extension layer at thispoint. The gates 408 may possibly be replacement gates.

Referring to FIG. 4B, a contact mask 422 is formed over the integratedcircuit 400 so as to expose areas for self-aligned contacts. The areasexposed in the PMOS active areas 456 overlap the gates 408, and theareas exposed in the NMOS active area 458 overlap the gates 408. Areasfor local interconnect 426 may optionally be exposed; FIG. 4B depicts aportion of the SRAM cells 476 with exposed areas for the localinterconnects 426.

A contact etch process removes the gapfill dielectric layer 420 in theareas exposed by the contact mask 422, as described in reference to FIG.1E. A sidewall extension layer, if present, may be anisotropicallyetched as described in reference to FIG. 2G. The contact mask 422 isremoved after the contact etch process is completed. Metal silicide maybe formed on the source/drain regions 414 at this time, if not alreadypresent.

Referring to FIG. 4C, a layer of contact metal is formed on theintegrated circuit 400 and planarized so as to form self-alignedcontacts 424 on the source/drain regions 414 and optionally form localinterconnects 426, as described in reference to FIG. 1F and FIG. 1G. Inthe PMOS active areas 456, the self-aligned contacts 424 provide a Vddcontact 466 and two drain contacts 468 to adjacent pairs of PMOS loadtransistors. In the NMOS active area 458, the self-aligned contacts 424provide Vss contacts 470 to adjacent pairs of NMOS driver transistors,data node contacts 472 between the NMOS driver transistors and adjacentNMOS passgate transistors, and bitline contacts 474 between adjacentpairs of the NMOS passgate transistors. The optional local interconnects426 may connect adjacent drain contacts 468 of the PMOS load transistorsand data node contacts 472. Forming the self-aligned contacts 424 asdescribed in reference to FIG. 4A through FIG. 4C may advantageouslyprovide low resistance connections to the SRAM cells 476, whileadvantageously providing process latitude in formation of the contactmask 422 of FIG. 4B. Forming the local interconnects 426 may simplifyinterconnects such as vias and a first level of metal interconnects overthe self-aligned contacts 424 and local interconnects 426.

While various embodiments of the present invention have been describedabove, it should be understood that they have been presented by way ofexample only and not limitation. Numerous changes to the disclosedembodiments can be made in accordance with the disclosure herein withoutdeparting from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the breadthand scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of theabove described embodiments. Rather, the scope of the invention shouldbe defined in accordance with the following claims and theirequivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. An integrated circuit, comprising: a substrate; aplurality of gate structures, each the gate structure comprising a gatedisposed over the substrate and sidewalls abutting lateral surfaces ofthe gate; source/drain regions disposed in the substrate adjacent to thegate structures; metal silicide regions on the source/drain regions at asurface of the substrate; a plurality of self-aligned contacts, each theself-aligned contact being disposed on an instance of the source/drainregions and abutting at least one instance of the gate structures alonga height of the instance of the gate structure from the metal silicideregions to a top surface of the instance of the gate structure, whereina top surface of the self-aligned contact is not higher than a topsurface of the gate of the instance of the gate structure; a pre-metaldielectric (PMD) layer disposed over the gate structures and over theself-aligned contacts; vias disposed in the PMD layer, such that thevias make electrical connections to at least a portion of theself-aligned contacts; and a plurality of metal interconnects disposedover the vias, the metal interconnects making electrical connections tothe vias.
 2. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein an instance ofthe self-aligned contacts is disposed between, and abuts each of, twoinstances of the gate structures.
 3. The integrated circuit of claim 1,wherein a first instance of the self-aligned contacts is disposed on afirst side of, and abuts, an instance of the gate structures, and asecond instance of the self-aligned contacts is disposed on a second,opposite, side of, and abuts, the instance of the gate structures. 4.The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein an instance of theself-aligned contacts is disposed between, and abuts both of, twoinstances of the gate structures in a logic gate.
 5. The integratedcircuit of claim 1, wherein each of the gate structures furthercomprises a sidewall extension layer disposed on the sidewalls, so thatinstances of the self-aligned contacts abut the sidewall extensionlayer.
 6. An integrated circuit, comprising: a substrate; a plurality ofgate structures, each the gate structure comprising a gate disposed overthe substrate and sidewalls abutting lateral surfaces of the gate;source/drain regions disposed in the substrate adjacent to the gatestructures; a plurality of self-aligned contacts, each the self-alignedcontact being disposed on an instance of the source/drain regions andabutting at least one instance of the gate structures along a height ofthe instance of the gate structure, wherein a top surface of theself-aligned contact is not higher than a top surface of the instance ofthe gate structure; a pre-metal dielectric (PMD) layer disposed over thegate structures and over the self-aligned contacts; vias disposed in thePMD layer, such that the vias make electrical connections to at least aportion of the self-aligned contacts; a plurality of metal interconnectsdisposed over the vias, the metal interconnects making electricalconnections to the vias; and a local interconnect of a same metal as theplurality of self-aligned contacts, the local interconnect extendingover field oxide disposed on the substrate, the local interconnect beingcontiguous with an instance of the self-aligned contacts, wherein a topsurface of the local interconnect is not higher than a top surface of aninstance of the gate structure abutting the instance of the self-alignedcontacts.
 7. The integrated circuit of claim 6, wherein a first instanceof the self-aligned contacts is disposed on a source/drain region of ap-channel metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistor of a logic gate, asecond instance of the self-aligned contacts is disposed on asource/drain region of an n-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS)transistor of the logic gate, and the first instance of the self-alignedcontacts and the second instance of the self-aligned contacts areelectrically connected through the local interconnect which iscontiguous with the first instance of the self-aligned contacts and thesecond instance of the self-aligned contacts.
 8. An integrated circuit,comprising: a substrate; a plurality of gate structures, each the gatestructure comprising a gate disposed over the substrate and sidewallsabutting lateral surfaces of the gate; source/drain regions disposed inthe substrate adjacent to the gate structures; a plurality ofself-aligned contacts, each the self-aligned contact being disposed onan instance of the source/drain regions and abutting at least oneinstance of the gate structures along a height of the instance of thegate structure, wherein a top surface of the self-aligned contact is nothigher than a top surface of the instance of the gate structure; apre-metal dielectric (PMD) layer disposed over the gate structures andover the self-aligned contacts; vias disposed in the PMD layer, suchthat the vias make electrical connections to at least a portion of theself-aligned contacts; a plurality of metal interconnects disposed overthe vias, the metal interconnects making electrical connections to thevias; and a plurality of contiguous static random access memory (SRAM)cells, the plurality of SRAM contiguous cells comprising: a firstinstance of the self-aligned contacts disposed between, and abutting,two adjacent PMOS load transistors, so as to provide a Vdd contact; asecond instance of the self-aligned contacts disposed adjacent to, andabutting, a first of the two adjacent PMOS load transistors, oppositefrom the first instance of the self-aligned contacts; a third instanceof the self-aligned contacts disposed adjacent to, and abutting, asecond of the two adjacent PMOS load transistors, opposite from thefirst instance of the self-aligned contacts; a fourth instance of theself-aligned contacts disposed between, and abutting, two adjacent NMOSdriver transistors, so as to provide a Vss contact; a fifth instance ofthe self-aligned contacts disposed between, and abutting, two adjacentNMOS passgate transistors, so as to provide a bitline contact; and asixth instance of the self-aligned contacts disposed between, andabutting, a first of the two adjacent NMOS driver transistors and firstof the two adjacent NMOS passgate transistor, so as to provide a datanode contact.